盐度对仿刺参蛋白摄入量及蛋白酶活性的影响

为研究盐度对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)蛋白摄入量及蛋白酶活性的影响,通过考马斯亮蓝G250染色法间接测定仿刺参蛋白摄入量,福林-酚法测定仿刺参消化道蛋白酶活力。结果表明,在盐度为3.1%时,仿刺参蛋白摄入量最多,消化道蛋白酶活力最强;在盐度2.5%~3.1%范围内,随着盐度的升高,仿刺参蛋白摄入量和消化道蛋白酶活力逐渐升高;在3.1%~3.4%范围内,随着盐度升高,仿刺参蛋白摄入量和消化道酶活力均下降。盐度对仿刺参蛋白摄入量及蛋白酶活性的影响明显。     

Effects of diatom concentration in prepared feeds on growth and energy budget of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

Eight test diets were used in the experiment: seven fresh diatom (Cylindrotheca fusiformis) diets in which diatom occupied 100%, 83.3%, 50%, 33.3%, 20%, 14.3% and 11.1% in dry matter of the feeds (marked as D100, D83, D50, D33, D20, D14 and D11), and a formulated diet (70% Sargassum thunbergii powder, 20% sea mud and 10% fish meal, based on dry weight, marked as ST). The results showed that the specific growth rates (SGRs) of the animals fed diets D33, D20, D14 and D11 were not significantly different from the SGR of those fed diet ST. However, the energy allocated to growth for the animals fed with diet D14 was twice that of diet ST. For sea cucumbers fed diet D14 the largest expenditure part was allocated to respiration (55.4%), but for those fed diet ST, the largest part was allocated to faeces (62.7%). The organic content of diet D14 was also much lower than that of diet ST. Frozen diatom diets containing 14% (dry matter weight) fresh diatom could be an environmentally friendly feed as an alternative option for macroalgae powder.     

An artificial oyster‐shell reef for the culture and stock enhancement of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus,in shallow seawater

Because of its high nutritional value and health benefits, aquaculture production of Apostichopus japonicus in China is the largest of any single species. Therefore, the development of new farming methods is of considerable significance. In this study, discarded oyster shells have been used to create an artificial reef for the culture of this species. The results have shown that from 6th March 2009 to 26th November 2009, the wet weight of sea cucumber increased from 49.57 ± 1.16 to 79.87 ± 1.46 g ind^?1. Between 16th July and 18th October, the specific growth rate and daily weight gain of A. japonicus differed significantly from other periods. Population density was higher within the reef compared with outside the reef area, and the difference was significant (P < 0.01). The maximum distance between A. japonicus individuals within the reef area on 3rd March and 16th July was 65.0 ± 3.3 and 62.9 ± 4.4 cm, respectively, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The diatom species attached to the oyster shells were similar to those found in the stomach content of A. japonicus. In conclusion, the oyster‐shell reef provides a suitable habitat and shelter for the culture of the sea cucumber, A. japonicus.     

寄生性天敌蒲螨对几种蛀干害虫的控制作用

研究了天敌蒲螨对蛀干害虫——双条杉天牛、柏肤小蠹、日本双棘长蠹、六星黑点豹蠹蛾的寄生效果。室内结果表明,以上几种幼虫接种蒲螨后,在8h内可以导致所有幼虫死亡。室外采用淹没式释放方式,按照树胸径释放蒲螨（20 000头/cm）。释放后30d调查,对双条杉天牛幼虫、柏肤小蠹幼虫、双棘长蠹幼虫、六星黑点豹蠹蛾幼虫的校正寄生死亡率分别为84.7%、67.3%、67.8%和60.5%。     

Effects of differently processed diets on growth,immunity and water quality of the sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867)

The type of formulated diet used in aquaculture systems affects the feed efficiency and water quality. In this study, the water quality, growth performance and immunity of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867), fed diets produced using four different processing methods (extruded pellet diet, cold‐bonded pellet diet, flake diet and mash diet) were quantified for 60 days to identify the optimal feed type for culturing of this species. Sea cucumbers grew faster, the feed conversion ratio was much lower, and immunity indicators were higher when fed the extruded pellet diet compared to the other diets. Sea cucumbers fed the extruded pellet diet had the highest specific growth rate (0.96), whereas A. japonicus fed the cold‐bonded pellet diet had the lowest specific growth rate (0.51). The lysozyme activity of sea cucumbers fed the extruded pellet diet was higher (57.52) than that of A. japonicus fed the cold‐bonded pellet diet (39.22), flake diet (37.32) and mash diet (32.68). When animals were fed the mash diet, the ammonia–nitrogen, nitrite–nitrogen and phosphate productions were higher than in animals fed the other diets. These results indicate that the extruded pellet diet is the optimum feed type for use in the culture of A. japonicus.     

2种LED灯的蓝圆鲹和竹荚鱼渔获比较

为了探索节能减排的海洋捕捞作业方式,在中国沿海海域做了白光（偏绿光）发射二极管（LED）水下灯和蓝紫光LED水下灯集鱼试验。对比2种等光能LED集鱼灯周围蓝圆鲹（Decapterus maruadsi）和竹筴鱼（Trachurus japonicus）的渔获,对渔获数据进行t检验分析表明,白光LED灯对蓝圆鲹的光诱效果显著优于蓝紫光LED灯;白光LED灯对竹筴鱼的光诱效果极显著优于蓝紫光LED灯。海上试验结果证实,在实验室水槽中所得的光诱鱼试验结果对海洋捕捞实践具有很好的指导作用。     

仿刺参纵肌带再生的形态学和组织学

采用人工创伤的方法剪断仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体腔背部的纵肌带, 然后缝合切口处的体壁, 将其在添加抗生素(100 IU/mL的青霉素和100 μg/mL的链霉素)的海水中继续饲养。通过形态学和组织学方法对仿刺参纵肌带再生过程中的结构变化进行了观察。形态学结果显示, 创伤后0 h, 由于纵肌带的收缩, 断端出现0.5~1 cm的间隙; 创伤15 d, 创伤处出现乳白色絮状组织, 暂命名为肌前组织; 创伤30~45 d时, 肌前组织逐渐增厚并将断端肌肉组织连接起来; 创伤60~90 d, 肌前组织已转化成纵肌带, 并且其厚度增至正常纵肌带的1/2; 创伤后110~130 d, 新生纵肌带进一步增粗, 形态上与未创伤处组织没有区别, 只是直径略小一些; 创伤150 d, 再生的纵肌带厚度同正常状态。组织学结果显示, 创伤后15 d, 在损伤处出现结缔组织及单个的肌纤维, 形成一条不规则的细长条带, 即肌前组织; 创伤后30~45 d, 肌前组织中肌细胞数量大量增加, 并与体壁间形成一些“桥状”连接; 创伤后60~90 d, 肌前组织几乎被肌纤维占据, 且“桥状”连接数量增加, 此时肌前组织已转化为肌肉带(纵肌带); 创伤后110~130 d, 新生肌纤维数量大量增加, 和体壁相连的“桥状”连接数量减少, 创伤150 d, 新生的纵肌带基本达到正常的结构, 且“桥状”连接消失。分析认为仿刺参纵肌带具有较强的再生能力, 且新生的肌细胞来源于体壁结缔组织细胞和体腔上皮细胞。

     

Efficacy of a Fructus mume Extract Combination with Stable Chlorine in Preventing Bacterial Contamination in Frozen Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) Fillets

ABSTRACT

A combination composed of Fructus mume extract and stable chlorine dioxide was investigated for its antibacterial activity, mechanism of action, and its application against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in mackerel (Scomber japonicus) fillets. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values against E. coli and S. aureus ranged from 0.9–1.2 and 1.3–1.6 mg/mL for F. mume extract and 0.004–0.006 and 0.007–0.010 mg/mL for stable chlorine dioxide, respectively. We observed a mechanism of action against E. coli that involved a pore-formation role that led to cell membrane damage. In the case of S. aureus, the mechanism of action is believed to be mediated by the combination’s activity as a metabolite disrupting agent. Here, the amount of bacteria was greatly reduced in mackerel fillets treated with the combination. Moreover, the flavor and texture properties of fillets were not significantly affected by this treatment (p < 0.05). These findings suggested that the combination has promise in being used as an additive to a broader class of foodstuffs.     

Pb2+和Cd2 对刺参幼参的急性毒性及其富集

采用静水试验法,研究了Pb2+(0.1、0.25、0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0 mg/L共6个浓度梯度)与Cd2+(0.2、0.4、0.8、1.0、2.5、5.0 mg/L共6个浓度梯度)对刺参幼参的急性毒性,并分析了其在幼参体内的富集状况。研究表明,幼参死亡率随暴露时间和Pb2+、Cd2+浓度增加总体呈升高趋势,而附壁率则反之。暴露于两组低浓度Pb2+的幼参死亡率差异不显著(P0.05),其他组死亡率均随暴露时间和Pb2+浓度增加而显著升高;最高浓度组在72 h时死亡率已达100%,在24 h时其附壁率低至6.7%,与其他浓度组差异均显著(P0.01)。暴露于Cd2+的幼参在72 h后的死亡率比48 h内明显升高,96h时0.8 mg/L浓度组的幼参死亡率即达100%;暴露于Cd2+的幼参附壁率均较低。Pb2+和Cd2+对幼参的安全浓度分别为0.061、0.018 mg/L。随着水体中Pb2+和Cd2+浓度的增加,幼参体内的重金属含量和累积速率均呈升高趋势,但富集系数呈波动性变化,幼参对Cd2+的富集系数和累积速率均高于Pb2+。结果表明,Cd2+对幼参的急性毒性作用强于Pb2+,且幼参对Cd2+的富集能力明显强于Pb2+。本研究将为阐明刺参在生态环境修复中的作用提供理论依据,并为刺参健康养殖与食用安全提供重要参考。     

鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)生长后期对苏氨酸需要量

在半精制饲料中分别添加0、0.35%、0.70%、1.05%、1.40%、1.75%苏氨酸,制成苏氨酸实际梯度为1.05%、1.35%、1.65%、2.00%、2.42%、2.65%的6组等能等氮饲料(44.67%粗蛋白质,21.65 k J/g总能),对初始体重为(333.93±6.60)g的鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)在海水浮式网箱(1.5 m×1.5 m×2.0 m)中进行了70 d的喂养实验,研究其对苏氨酸的最适需求量。结果显示,鲈鱼成活率在89.58%–95.83%之间,各处理组之间无显著差异(P0.05);随着饲料中苏氨酸水平的升高,鲈鱼的特定生长率(SGR)显著增加(P0.05),且在2.00%苏氨酸饲料组出现最大值,但随着苏氨酸水平的继续升高,SGR呈减小的趋势;饲料效率(FE)随饲料中苏氨酸水平的升高呈先增加后减小的趋势,2.00%苏氨酸组的FE显著高于1.05%组及2.65%组(P0.05);随着饲料中苏氨酸水平的升高,蛋白质沉积率(PPV)呈先增加后减小的趋势,且于2.00%苏氨酸组出现最大值;肝脏谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性随饲料中苏氨酸水平的升高呈先增加后减小的趋势;饲料中不同水平苏氨酸对鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分无显著影响(P0.05)。以特定生长率、饲料效率及蛋白质沉积率为评价指标,经二次回归分析得出,鲈鱼对饲料中苏氨酸的最适需求量分别为占饲料干重的1.84%、1.87%及1.83%,占饲料蛋白质的4.11%、4.18%及4.09%。